GRAMMAR RULES
Present Perfect – минулий час, дія якого нещодавно або щойно закінчилась.
S + have/has + V3 (I, you, we, they)
S + has + V3 (he, she, it)
I have eaten.
He has eaten.
І, як завжди, на допомогу приходять сигнальні слова (key words). Це слова-підказки. Якщо зустрічаєш їх, то це скоріше всього саме Past Perfect.
key words:
1) just, already, yet, recently
2) ever / never
3) since / for
DETAILS
1) Найчастіше вживається у діалогах.
2) Дуже часто носії мови не дотримуються правил і заміcть Present Perfect вживають Past Simple.
I have eaten.
He has eaten.
You have eaten.
Also, we can write it in a short way:
I have eaten. = I’ve eaten.
She has eaten. = She’s eaten.
I have not eaten.
She has not eaten.
You have not eaten.
I have not eaten. = I haven’t eaten.
She has not eaten. = She hasn’t eaten.
Have I eaten?
Has he eaten?
Have you eaten?
PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT
Найкраще зрозуміти нову граматику – це порівняти її з тією, що ми вже знаємо. Let’s do it.
1 TIME
I came at 5.
I bought jeans yesterday.
(we have exact time)
1 NO TIME
I have come.
I have (just) bought jeans.
(no exact time)
2 WELL-KNOWN FACT
World War II was terrible.
(you know when it happened)
That game was amazing!
(everyone knows when this game took place)
2 FEELS LIKE RECENTLY
It has been a great conversation.
(just finished)
This game has been great!
(it has just finished and we share our emotions)
3 DEADMAN
My grandfather read 100 books.
(he is not alive anymore or the situation is finished)
Marco Polo was a strange guy!
(everyone knows that he is dead)
3 YOU CAN STILL DO IT
My grandfather has written 100 books.
(he is alive or he still can write books)
Alice has been strange lately!
(her recent actions including now are strange)
4 ONE BY ONE
I came in and took a sandwich.
She called me and asked to come.
Basically, when you have 2 or more actions in a sentence you probably will use Past Simple.
4 REASON FOR PRESENT
I have not eaten, that’s why I am hungry now.
(the reason why I am hungry now)
She has not worked, that’s why she has no money.
(the reason for the absence of money)
ONLY PRESENT PERFECT
| 1 | It’s okay. I have bought a gift. | Все нормально. Я купив подарунок. |
| 2 | She has not taken the keys yet. | Вона ще не взяла ключів. |
| 3 | I have just received a letter. | Я щойно отримала листа. |
| 4 | He has never downloaded movies. | Він ніколи не скачував фільми. |
| 5 | How much money have you withdrawn? | Скільки грошей ти зняв з банкомату? |
| 6 | What character traits have you written in your resume? | Які якості характеру ти написав у резюме? |
| 7 | What is the oldest tree you have ever seen? | Яке найстаріше дерево ти коли-небудь бачив? |
| 8 | He has just left. | Він щойно пішов. |
| 9 | How many times have you been to Lviv? | Скільки разів ти був у Львові? |
| 10 | What have you done? | Що ти зробив? |
| 1 | We have known them for 3 years. | Ми знаємо їх 3 роки. |
| 2 | Oh my God! Have you see that? | О боже! Ти бачив це? |
| 3 | Why haven’t you bought a ticket? | Чому ти не купив квиток? |
| 4 | Where have you been? | Де ти був? |
| 5 | What have you found so far? | Що ти знайшов до цього часу? |
| 6 | Your parents have been here since 4 o’clock. | Твої батьки тут з 4 годин. |
| 7 | She has just said that. Haven’t you heard? | Вона щойно сказала це. Ти не чула? |
| 8 | Where is she? Has she already come? – No, she hasn’t come yet. | Де вона? Вона вже прийшла? – Ні, вона ще не прийшла. |
| 9 | Why have you opened the window? I will freeze! | Навіщо ти відкрив вікно? Я зараз замерзну! |
| 10 | She is not here. She’s just left the office. Call her. | Її тут немає. Вона щойно пішла. Подзвони їй. |
PAST SIMPLE / PERFECT
| 1. Haven’t you remembered your password yet? | 1. Ти ще не згадав свій пароль? |
| 2. He has brought a kitten. Can you imagine? | 2. Він приніс кошеня. Уявляєш? |
| 3. Where have you been? I called you three times. |
3. Де ти був? Я тобі телефонувала тричі. |
| 4. What did she say? Did you understand her? | 4. Що вона сказала? Ти зрозумів її? |
| 5. When did she take my passport? What does she need it for? | 5. Коли вона взяла мій паспорт? Навіщо він їй? |
| 6. Where did you buy this shelf? It looks cool. |
6. Де ти купив цю поличку? Виглядає круто. |
| 7. She did not know this. Don’t yell. |
7. Вона не знала цього. Не кричи. |
| 8. I have just won an apartment! Can you imagine? |
8. Я щойно виграв квартиру! Уявляєш? |
| 9. How much sugar have you put in there? Three spoons? |
9. Скільки цукру ти поклав? Три ложки? |
| 10. She has not answered yet. Wait a minute. |
10. Вона ще не відповіла. Зачекай хвилинку. |
| 1. I did everything yesterday. Calm down. | 1. Я все зробив вчора. Заспокойся. |
| 2. Everything is fine. I have just booked a hotel. | 2. Все нормально. Я щойно забронював готель. |
| 3. When did your plane arrive? |
3. Коли прибув твій літак? |
| 4. Why did you not tell me this? I wanted to meet you. | 4. Чому ти не сказала мені про це? Я хотів тебе зустріти. |
| 5. I knew when you came. | 5. Я знав, коли ви прийшли. |
| 6. He asked, “Where is the front desk?” |
6. Він запитав: «Де стійка реєстрації?» |
| 7. She said that she did not want to sit by the window. She constantly gets sick. Constantly. |
7. Вона сказала, що вона не хотіла сидіти біля вікна. Її постійно нудить. Постійно. |
| 8. You could have said yesterday that you were not flying. |
8. Ти міг сказати вчора, що ти не летиш. |
| 9. The pilot has just said that the plane was not working. Now we have to wait here. |
9. Пілот щойно сказав, що літак не працює. Тепер ми повинні чекати тут. |
| 10. Last time I couldn’t open the jar. |
10. Минулого разу я не міг відкрити банку. |